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Ankylosaur armour could likely withstand the impact of a high - speed machine crash , the well - preserve dinosaur dodo on record has reveal .
The fossil belonged to a nodosaur , a plant - corrode dinosaur that could grow to be 18 feet ( 5.5 meters ) long and lived about 110 to 112 million years ago , during the other Cretaceous . The fogey was so well preserve that scientists were able-bodied to determine the strength of keratin plate and the bony ear that insure them .
An illustration of the nodosaurBorealopelta markmitchelli,which had defensive armor made of thick keratin sheaths over bony spikes.
" This thing could tank an F150 going at swiftness , " cogitation co - authorMichael Habib , a biomechanical paleontologist at UCLA , told Live Science . Habib presented his findings on the nodosaur armour Oct. 30 at the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology ’s yearly meeting .
Only the bony spikes stay on other dodo from armored dinosaurs . This is because keratin — the dead cellphone that make up structure like hair and fingernail — does n’t fossilize well . So , when search armoured dinosaur like nodosaurs and stegosaurs , fossilist assume that the dinosaurs ' main protective cover from predators came from the bony structures of armour left behind in the fogy and that this armour may have been cover by a thin layer of keratin like a polo-neck scale .
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But in 2017 , anexceptionally well - preserved fossilof a newly identified metal money of nodosaur , Borealopelta markmitchelli , was found in a mine in Alberta , Canada .
" It ’s spectacularly beautiful , just passing well preserved,“Emma Schachner , an evolutionary biologist at the University of Florida who was not involved with the research , told Live Science . The fossil was so well keep up , researcher couldanalyze the colorof its armor and even count into its stomach tofind its last meal . No previous armoured dinosaur had been preserved well enough to keep the keratin entire .
The well - preserved fossil did reveal a keratin bed over the bone , but much thicker than anticipated — nearly 6.3 column inch ( 16 centimeters ) in some position . In demarcation , the ceratin cocktail dress over a modernistic cattle horn is only 0.6 ( 1.5 centimetre ) thick , Habib order .
By looking at the structure and sizing of the keratin sheaths and liken them to the keratin armor of modern animals , like the quills of a porcupine , Habib and colleagues reckon the amount of force the nodosaur ’s armour could defy . The squad also created synthetic nodosaur armor for the CBC show"Dinosaur Cold Case"and tested the celluloid armor against the bite force produced by replicaAcrocanthosaurusjaws .
The calculations suggested that nodosaurs could in all likelihood handle over 125,000 watt second of DOE per square cadence — alike to the force of a mellow - swiftness car clangor . " These beast were not wearing plate armor ; they were wearing a bulletproof singlet over crustal plate armour , " Habib said .
This version do sensation , pass their environment .
" Borealopeltais dwell in a existence of big , meat - wipe out dinosaur , " Habib said . " They could sting really hard . If you have very stiff , brittle armor that ’s trust on os and you hit it really severely , it ’s going to crack . "
or else , the ceratin sheaths allow for flexibleness , and can easy be removed if it does get damaged — standardised to trimming a crushed nail instead of want to heal a living broken ivory .
The armor is so substantial , it could withstand much more force than the marauder of its time could redeem . This suggest that the armor may have also been used during battle between males vie for female mates , Habib state .
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" It ’s one of those enduring query : Are they defend each other , or are they fight other brute ? " Schachner read . " What they are determining is that it seems like it ’s more for animal - to - animal combat , within the same mintage . "
This research also uncover novel insight into dinosaur armour in universal . Most other armoured dinosaurs also probably had thick keratin sheaths , and " horned dinosaur , with their armored and weaponized faces and heads — there ’s a very good prospect they are using a lot more keratin than is often modeled , " Habib said .
